How to estimate battery runtime for IoT sensors, portable electronics, and lead-acid systems. Covers mAh vs Wh, duty cycle math, Peukert effect, depth of discharge, temperature derating, and self-discharge with worked examples.
11 min read
Guides tagged “Reference”
7 in-depth guides on Reference with formulas, conversion tables, and practical examples from Calcflux.
← All tagsPick resistor values that satisfy the math and the hardware: tolerance, power, E-series availability, input impedance, noise, and heat.
4 min read
Know when to use percentage change, percentage difference, percent of total, and percentage points, with formulas and examples.
4 min read
Step-by-step LED resistor sizing with worked examples for Arduino indicators, 12 V automotive LEDs, series chains, and parallel branches. Covers the formula, E-series values, power ratings, and when to switch to a constant-current driver.
10 min read
Step-by-step voltage drop formula with worked examples for kitchen circuits, EV chargers, landscape lighting, and three-phase feeders. Includes NEC 3%/5% rules, max-length reference table, and copper vs. aluminum comparison.
11 min read
Full color code chart for 4, 5, and 6 band resistors plus SMD codes and E-series preferred values. Worked examples, mnemonics, and field tips.
13 min read
Full AWG chart from 4/0 to 40 with diameters, areas, resistance, and NEC ampacity. Covers AWG-to-mm² conversion, how to pick wire gauge by voltage drop, and copper vs. aluminum.
11 min read